Penis cancer is fortunately a rare form of cancer, but recent studies show that cases are on the rise. Experts predict a 77% increase in penis cancer by the year 2050. While developing countries have traditionally had the highest rates of penis cancer, there has been a significant increase in cases in most European countries as well. This rise in cases can be attributed to various factors, including the ageing population in Europe.
Being over the age of 50 is one of the main risk factors for developing penis cancer. Other risk factors include having a narrowed foreskin, poor genital hygiene, and smoking tobacco. Interestingly, penis cancer is rare in individuals who have been circumcised at birth. Squamous cells in the skin of the penis are responsible for over 90% of penis cancer cases. Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been identified in about half of squamous cell cancer cases, making it one of the leading causes of this type of cancer.
HPV is a commonly transmitted sexual infection, with over 70% of sexually active adults contracting the virus at some point in their lives. Infections often do not cause symptoms and can disappear on their own over time. However, previous infection with HPV does not provide protection against future infections. HPV 16, the most common high-risk type of HPV, can trigger malignant changes in tissues of the penis, cervix, mouth, throat, vulva, vagina, and anus. This highlights the importance of HPV vaccination in reducing the risk of certain types of cancer.
Diagnosing penis cancer can be challenging, as many patients experience guilt or embarrassment, leading to delays in seeking medical help. In some cases, doctors may misclassify lesions as benign, further delaying the diagnosis. Speedy diagnosis and treatment are crucial, especially if malignant cells have spread to the groin lymph glands. Treatment options for penis cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, with the goal of removing cancerous tissue. In some cases, amputation of the penis may be necessary, but this is considered a last resort.
While the outlook for penis cancer may seem bleak, there is hope on the horizon. New approaches, such as the use of engineered T cells that attack HPV-infected cells, and immunotherapies that improve immune responses to squamous cell tumors, have shown promising results in some cases. These innovative treatments offer hope for better outcomes and a brighter future for individuals diagnosed with penis cancer.
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