4,000 years ago, the people of the Mediterranean region had a good understanding of what was beneficial for their health. Recent research has shown that ancient Syrians followed a diet that closely resembles what we now know as the Mediterranean diet. This diet has gained popularity in recent years due to its numerous health benefits. The use of stable isotope ratio analysis has provided insight into the food groups consumed by the ancient Syrians and has shed light on their dietary habits.
The study focused on the settlement history of Tell Tweini in Syria, which was a major harbor for the Ugaritic Kingdom during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Analysis of isotope measurements from plant seeds, human remains, and animal bones dating from 2600 to 333 BCE revealed interesting findings about the diet of the inhabitants. The residents of Tell Tweini relied heavily on domesticated animals for work, milk, and wool. The diet during the period from 2000 to 1600 BCE mainly consisted of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, with a particular abundance of olives and grapes.
Comparison to Modern Mediterranean Diet
The diet of the ancient Syrians at Tell Tweini closely matches what is considered a typical Mediterranean diet today. The consumption of bread, olives, grapes, pulses, dairy products, and small amounts of meat reflects a diet rich in plant-based foods with low animal protein content. This balance of meats with fruits, grains, and vegetables aligns with the principles of a healthy diet that benefits both individuals and the environment.
The high levels of carbon 13 isotopes in the preserved seeds indicate that the crops at Tell Tweini were well cared for and irrigated throughout the site’s history. The use of animal manure likely contributed to the high nitrogen 15 isotopes found in the plants. Despite being located near the coast and having access to a variety of fish, the residents of Tell Tweini did not consume much food from the sea. Their ability to produce sufficient food from their crops suggests fertile land and effective agricultural practices.
Sustainability and Adaptation
The collapse of the Ugaritic Kingdom shortly after 1200 BCE was attributed to crop failure, social unrest, and famine in the region. However, Tell Tweini continued its olive oil production without signs of stress in the plant isotopes. This resilience in the face of increased aridity demonstrates the adaptability of the inhabitants and their ability to thrive in challenging conditions. The findings highlight the sustainability of a Mediterranean-like diet in supporting human populations over millennia.
The ancient Syrian diet at Tell Tweini provides valuable insights into the benefits of a plant-based diet similar to the modern Mediterranean diet. By emphasizing fruits, grains, vegetables, and limited amounts of meat, individuals can promote their own health and contribute to environmental sustainability. The agricultural practices and dietary choices of the ancient Syrians serve as a lesson in adapting to changing conditions while maintaining a healthy and balanced way of eating.